
The meaning of Qiyām al-Layl (night prayer) in the terminology of the jurists is: spending the night — even for one hour — in prayer or other acts of worship. It is not required that it occupy most of the night. Thus, if a Muslim prays two rakʿahs after ʿIshāʾ with the intention of Qiyām al-Layl, the Sunnah is fulfilled, and lengthening the prayer is not a condition.
The night prayer (Qiyām al-Layl) is more general than Tahajjud: every Tahajjud is Qiyām al-Layl, but not every Qiyām al-Layl is Tahajjud.
In Arabic, tahajjud is one of the contronyms (words that carry opposite meanings). Linguistically, it comes from hujūd, which refers both to sleeping and staying awake. It is said: hajada — he slept at night, so he is hājid; and hajada — he prayed at night. Likewise, tahajjada may mean he slept, and tahajjada may mean he prayed. Thus, it is a word of opposites.
Tahajjud in juristic terminology refers to voluntary prayer at night after sleeping. This is supported by the narration of al-Ḥajjāj ibn ʿAmr (may Allah be pleased with him), a Companion of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, who said:
“Does one of you think that if he stands praying all night until morning he has performed tahajjud? Tahajjud is only when a person prays after sleeping, then prays again after sleeping — and that was the prayer of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.”
Narrated by al-Ṭabarānī in al-Awsaṭ and al-Kabīr.
The best times for it are the fourth and fifth sixths of the night, if the night is divided into six parts. This is based on the saying of the Prophet ﷺ:
“The most beloved prayer to Allah is the prayer of David, and the most beloved fasting to Allah is the fasting of David. He used to sleep half the night, stand for prayer for one third of it, and sleep for one sixth of it. He would fast one day and break his fast the next.”
Narrated by al-Bukhārī.
If the night is divided into two halves, then the second half is best; and if divided into three parts, then the last third is best. This is based on what Abū Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet ﷺ said:
“Our Lord, Blessed and Exalted, descends every night to the lowest heaven when the last third of the night remains and says: ‘Who is calling upon Me so that I may answer him? Who is asking Me so that I may give him? Who is seeking My forgiveness so that I may forgive him?’”
Narrated by al-Bukhārī and Muslim.
As for the number of rakʿahs, the Shāfiʿī school holds that there is no fixed limit, based on the hadith:
“Prayer is the best of deeds, so whoever is able to increase it, let him increase it.”
Narrated by Ibn Ḥibbān and al-Ḥākim in al-Mustadrak.
The most perfect model, however, is the guidance of the Prophet ﷺ. He would pray eight rakʿahs, as reported by ʿĀʾishah (may Allah be pleased with her), who said:
“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ never prayed more than eleven rakʿahs in Ramadan or outside of it. He would pray four — do not ask about their beauty and length — then he would pray four — do not ask about their beauty and length — then he would pray three.”
Narrated by al-Bukhārī and Muslim.
In another narration she said:
“His prayer at night in Ramadan and other times was thirteen rakʿahs, including the two rakʿahs before Fajr.”
Prof. Dr. Ali Gomaa
والتهجد في اصطلاح الفقهاء: و صلاة التطوع في الليل بعد النوم ، ويؤيد ذلك ما رواه عن الحجاج بن عمرو بن – رضي الله عنه – صاحب رسول الله ﷺ قال: «أبحسب أحدكم إذا قام من الليل يصلي حتى يصبح أنه قد تهجد؟ إنما التهجد المرء يصلي الصلاة بعد رقدة ، ثم الصلاة بعد رقدة ، وتلك كانت صلاة رسول الله ﷺ» رواه الطبراني في الأوسط والكبير
وأفضل أوقاتها في السدس الرابع من الليل والخامس ، هذا إذا قسم الليل إلى أسداس ، وذلك لقول النبي ﷺ «أحب الصلاة إلى الله صلاة داود ، وأحب الصيام إلى الله صيام داود ، كان ينام نصف الليل ، ويقوم ثلثه ، وينام سدسه ، ويصوم يومًا ، ويفطر يومًا» أخرجه البخاري
وأما عن عدد ركعاتها ، فقد ذهب الشافعية إلى أنه لا حصر لعدد ركعاته لخبر: «الصلاة خير موضوع فمن استطاع أن يستكثر فليستكثر» [رواه ابن حبان والحاكم في المستدرك] ، وخير الكمال هدي النبي ﷺ حيث كان يصلي ثمان ركعات كما روت ذلك السيدة عائشة رضي الله عنها حيث قالت: «ما كان رسول الله ﷺ يزيد في رمضان ولا في غيره على إحدى عشرة ركعة: يصلي أربعا ، فلا تسأل عن حسنهن وطولهن ، ثم يصلي أربعا فلا تسأل عن حسنهن وطولهن ، ثم يصلي ثلاثا» أخرجه البخاري ومسلم]
أ.د. #علي_جمعة
هذا فيديو يوضح ما هو منتصف الليل وكيفية حساب الثلث الأخير من الليل :
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